Lesson 74 – الدَّرْسُ الرَّابِعُ والسَّبْعونَ
The exclusion (2of3) - الاِسْـتِـثْـنَـاءُ (٢مِن٣)
The exclusion with /khalā/, /ξadā/, and /ħāshā/ -الاستثناء بـ "خلا، عَدَا، حاشا"
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- The three Arabic exclusion articles /khalā/, /ξadā/, and /ħāshā/ have two facultative considerations as follows:
1- They can be considered verbs of exclusion. In this case the excluded after any of them is a direct object in the accusative case.
- Consider the following examples:
| Picture | Example | |
| English | Arabic | |
|
| The students came except one | حَضَرَ الطُّلاَّبُ خَلا طالِبًا /ħađara aŧ ŧullābu khalā ŧâliban/ |
|
| The boys slept except Khalid | /nāma al awlādu ξadā khâlidan/ |
|
| I hit the students except one | ضربت َ الطُلابَ حاشا طالِبًا . /đarabtu al awlāda ħāshā ŧâliban/ |
- In the above mentioned examples the exclusion articles are verbs in the past, the doer is a latent pronoun (he), and the excluded is a direct object in the accusative case, signed with the /fatħah/ on the last letter.
2- They can be considered prepositions. In this case the excluded after them is in the genitive case.
- Consider the same examples (mentioned above) with the other consideration:
| Picture | Example | |
| English | Arabic | |
|
| The students attended except one | حَضَرَ الطُّلاَّبُ خَلا طالِبٍ /ħađara aŧ ŧullabu khalā ŧâlibin/ |
|
| The boys slept except Khalid | /nāma al awlādu ξadā khâlidin/ |
|
| I hit the student except one | /đarabtu aŧ ŧullāba ħāshā ŧâlibin/ |
- Each of /ξadā/ and /khalā/ can be preceded by /mā/ (the infinitive particle). In this case they are obligatorily considered verbs, and the excluded is obligatorily a direct object in the accusative case, and the meaning remains the same as if there is no /mā/. Consider the same examples (mentioned above) with /mā/ and notice that there is no change in the meaning as follows:
| Example | |
| English | Arabic |
| The students came except one | حَضَرَ الطُّلاَّبُ ما خَلا طالِبًا /ħađara aŧ ŧullābu mā khalā ŧâliban/ |
| The boys slept except Khalid | نامَ الأوْلادُ ما عَدَا خالِدًا /nāma al awlādu mā ξadā khâlidan/ |
- More examples:
| Picture | English meaning | Arabic example |
|
| The team arrived except the trainer | حَضَرَ الْفَرِيقُ خَلا الْمُدَرِّبَ / الْمُدَرِّبِ /ħađara al farīqu khalā al mudarriba, al mudarribi/ |
|
| I saw all the students except tarik | رَأَيْتُ الطُّلابَ جَمِيعًا عَدَا طارِقًا / طارِقٍ /ra’aytu aŧ ŧullāba ĵamīξan ξadā ŧâriqan-ŧâriqin/ |
|
| I ate all meats except the camel meat | أَكَلْتُ كُلَّ اللُّحومِ حاشا لَحْمَ / لَحْمِ الْجَمَلِ /akaltu kulla alluħūma ħāshā laħma-laħmi al ĵamali/ |
|
| I visited all the countries except Cairo | زُرْتُ كُلَّ البِلادِ ما عَدَا القاهِرَةَ /zurtu kulla al bilādi mā ξadā al qâhirati/ |
|
| I like the animals except the pig | أُحِبُّ الحَيَواناتِ ما خلا الْخِنْزِيرَ /uħibbu al ħayawānāti mā khalā al khinzīra/ |
- The article /ħāshā/ is rarely preceded by /mā/ (some grammarians say that it is forbidden) and it is mostly used as a preposition.
- The article /hāshā/ is also used to show virtue, i.e. it means (far be it) as in the following example:
| The students were inattentive except (far be it) Khalid | /ahmala aŧ ŧullābu ħāshā khâlidin/ |
- You may notice that /ħāshā/ in the above mentioned example is preceded by a bad action or bad adjective, so it is used to show the virtue of the excluded because he does not do that bad action.
- Therefore it is mistaken to say:
| The students prayed except one | صَلَّى الطُّلاَّبُ حاشا طالِبًا /ŝallā aŧ ŧullābu ħāshā ŧâliban/ |
- The above mentioned example is mistaken because /ħāshā/ is preceded by a good action (the prayer), so the exclusion from this action is not a virtue.
- More examples for /ħāshā/ that shows virtue:
| English meaning | Arabic example |
| I (or you) cannot do it (because Allah forbids) | /ħāshā lillāhi/ |
| I cannot do this (I am far above doing this) | /ħāshānī an afξala hādhā/ |
| Muhammad cannot say (is far above saying) these words | حاشا مُحَمَّدًا أنْ يَقُولَ هذا الكلام /ħāshā muħāmmadan an yaqūla hādhā al kalāma/ |
- If /ħāshā/ is followed by /an/ and a verb, the implicit original noun of this structure is the doer of the verb /ħāshā/. If /ħāshā/ is not followed by such implicit original noun, the doer of /ħāshā/ is a latent pronoun.