Lesson 36 – الدَّرْسُ السَّادِسُ وَالثَّلاثُونَ
Declension of the Present Verb – إِعْرَابُ الفِعْلِ المُضِارِعِ
Introduction - مُقَدِّمَةٌ
- This is lesson thirty six of our free Arabic language course. This Arabic course with images and audios will help you learn Arabic.
- In Lesson 25 "Declension and Indeclension" we learnt that declension means that the case-ending of the last letter of an Arabic word changes from đammah (ـُـ) (ضَمَّةٌ) to fatħah (ـَـ) (فَتْحَةٌ) or sukūn (ـْـ) (سُكُونٌ) according to the function of the word in the sentence and particles that precede it, i.e. naŝb particles أَدَوَاتُ النَّصْبِ such as “an” أنْ or “lan” لَنْ; ĵazm particles أَدَوَاتُ الْجَزْمِ such as “lam” لَمْ; or the prohibitive particle “la” لا.
- In this lesson In-Shā’-Allâh we will learn the declension of the present verb. We elaborated its types in Lesson 18. The present verb has three cases: Rafξ رَفْعٌ (the nominative), Naŝb نَصْبٌ (the accusative), and Ĵazm جَزْمٌ (the genitive), as follows:
- First case of the present verb is the Rafξ رَفْعٌ. The present verb is originally in the Rafξ case. Consider the following example of a question using “ayna” (أَيْنَ) and the answer to it:
Translation | Transliteration | Example |
Where do you go, my son? | /Ilā ayna satadhhab-u yā bunayya?/ | |
I will go to visit my friends | /Sa'adhahab-u liziyārati aŝdiqā'ī/ |
- The second case of the present verb is the naŝb نَصْبٌ, where the case-ending of the last letter changes from Đammah ضَمّةٍ to Fatħah فَتْحَةٍ when it is preceded by certain particles, which we will learn latter in this lesson. Consider the following example of an yes/no question using “hal” (هَلْ) and the answer to it:
Translation | Transliteration | Example |
Will you live in Egypt? | /Hal sataskun-u fī miŝra?/ | |
No, I will not live in Egypt but I will to visit it | /Lā, lan askun-a fī miŝr wa lākin urīdu an azūr-a-ha faqaŧ/ | لا، لَنْ أَسْكُنَ فِي مِصْرَ وَلَكِنْ أُرِيدُ أَنْ أَزُورَها فَقَطْ. |
- The third case of the present verb declension is the Ĵazm جَزْمٌ where the case-ending of the last letter changes from the Đammah to Sukūn. Consider the following examples of present verbs preceded by Ĵazm particles “lā” and “lam”:
Translation | Transliteration | Example |
The student has not drunk milk | /Lam yashrabi ŧ-ŧâlibu al-labana/ | |
Do not stay up long, lest your body should be exhausted | /La tas-har kathīran fa'inna as-sahara yutξibu al-ĵisma/ |
- So, we can say that a present verb has three cases: Rafξ (يَشْرَبُ), Naŝb (لَنْ يَشْرَبَ) and Ĵazm (لَمْ يَشْرَبْ).
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