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Lesson 36 – الدَّرْسُ السَّادِسُ وَالثَّلاثُونَ

Declension of the Present Verb – إِعْرَابُ الفِعْلِ المُضِارِعِ

We are still in lesson thirty six of our free Arabic language course. This Arabic course with images and audios will help you learn Arabic.
The third case of the present verb declension is the Ĵazm جَزْمُ where the case-ending of the last letter changes from the Đammah to Sukūn. Consider the following examples:

Now we will learn when the present verb's case-ending changes from a Đammah to Sukūn. Consider the following examples:

Translation	Transliteration	Example
I have not rejected help	Ana lam arfud il-musāξadata	أَنَا لَمْ أَرْفُضِ الْمُسَاعَدَةَ.
Why do you not drink milk, Khalid	Limādha lam tashrab al-halība ya Khalidu	لِمَاذَا لَمْ تَشْرَبِ الحَلِيبَ يَا خَالِدُ.
Do not neglect your lessons, Ibrahim	Ya Ibrahim la tuhmil durusaka	يَا إِبْرَاهِيمُ لا تُهْمِلْ دُرُوسَكَ.
Do not speak harshly to your parents	Ya ghulamu la tanhar wālidaika	يَا غُلامُ لا تَنْهَرْ وَالِدَيْكَ.
I have not studied Arabic	Lam adrus al-lughata al-arabiya	لَمْ أَدْرُسِ اللُّغَةَ العَرَبِيَّةَ.

N.B. In some examples above (the first, the second, and the fifth) the Sukun is replaced by Kasra to avoid the succession of two Sukuns. In Arabic, the general rule is that a Sakin (letter signed with Sukun) can’t follow another Sakin, even if the second Sakin is a Shaddah (fifth example).
From these examples we notice that there are two present verb Ĵazm particles: Negative lam "لَم" النَّافِيَةُ [which negates the action of the present verb in the past] and Prohibitive la "لا" النَّاهِيَةُ [which is specifically for the second person pronouns, and this is the difference between it and the Negative la "لا" النَّافِيَةِ which does not change the present verb case-ending]. These Ĵazm particles change the present verb case-ending from Đammah to Sukūn:

The following are examples on Negative lam "لَم" النَّافِيَةِ, which negates the action of the present verb in the past and changes the present verb case-ending from Đammah ضَمَّةٍ (ـُـ) /-u/ to Sukūn سُكُونٍ (ـْـ) [the Sukūn means that no vowel appear on the case-ending of the word, i.e. it ends with a consonant].

Sentence in the negative with the ver preceded by ĵazm particle “lam”	Sentence in the affirmative
لَمْ يَدْرُسْ عَلِيٌّ اللُّغَةَ العَرَبِيَّةَ فِي مِصْرَ.	يَدْرُسُ عَلِيٌّ اللُّغَةَ العَرَبِيَّةَ فِي مِصْرَ.	Example
Lam yadrus Ali-un al-lughat-a al-arabiya-ta fi Misr-a	Yadrus-u Ali-un al-lughat-a al-arabiya-ta fi Misr-a	Transliteration
Ali has not studied Arabic in Egypt	Ali studies Arabic in Egypt	Translation
لَمْ يَكْتُبِ الطَّالِبُ وَاجِبَهُ فِي المَدْرَسَةِ.	يَكْتُبُ الطَّالِبُ وَاجِبَهُ.	Example
Lam yaktub al-tālib-u waĵibah-u	Yaktub-u al-tālib-u waĵibah-u	Transliteration
The student has not written his homework	The student wrote his homework	Translation
لَمْ يُشاهِدْ أَحْمَدُ التِّلْفازَ اليَوْمَ.	يُشَاهِدُ أَحْمَدُ التِّلْفازَ كُلَّ يَوْمٍ.	Example
Lam yushāhid Ahmed-u al-telfaz-a al-yawm-a	Yushāhid-u Ahmed al-telfaz-a kulla yawm-in	Transliteration
Ahmed has not watched the television today	Ahmed watches the television every day	Translation

The following are examples on Prohibitive la "لا" النَّاهِيَةِ, which is used with second person and is different from the Negative la "لا" النَّافِيَةِ [see Lesson 31] that does not change the present verb case-ending. In other words, Prohibitive la "لا" النَّاهِيَةُ is used in the imperative, i.e. to order somebody not to do something. Consider the following examples:

Translation	Transliteration	Example
Do not eat the street food, Said	La ta'kul taξam-a al-shāriξ-i yā Saξid	لا تَأكُلْ طَعَامَ الشَّارِعِ يَا سَعِيدُ.
Do not sit in another place, Salem	La taĵlis fi makān-in ākhar-a yā Salem	لا تَجْلِسْ فِي مَكَانٍ آخَرَ يَا سَالِمُ.
Do not stay up much lest your health becomes worse	La tashar kathīr-an hatta la tasū'-a sihhatuk-a	لا تَسْهَرْ كَثِيرًا حَتَى لا تَسُوْءَ صِحَّتُكَ.
Do not neglect your duty	La tuhmil ξamalak-a	لا تُهْمِلْ عَمَلَكَ.

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