Lesson 36 – الدَّرْسُ السَّادِسُ وَالثَّلاثُونَ

Declension of the Present Verb – إِعْرَابُ الفِعْلِ المُضِارِعِ

Ĵazm of Present verb

  • We are still in lesson thirty six of our free Arabic language course. This Arabic course with images and audios will help you learn Arabic.
  • The third case of the present verb declension is the Ĵazm جَزْمُ where the case-ending of the last letter changes from the Đammah to Sukūn. Consider the following examples:

يَنْهَرُ

يُهْمِلُ

يَشْرَبُ

يَرْفُضُ

رَفْعٌ

Rafξ

Yanhar-u

Yuhmil-u

Yashrab-u

Yarfud-u

Transliteration

Scold

Neglect

Drink

Refuse

Translation

يَنْهَرَ

يُهْمِلَ

يَشْرَبَ

يَرْفُضَ

نَصْبٌ

Naŝb

Yanhar-a

Yuhmil-a

Yashrab-a

Yarfud-a

Transliteration

يَنْهَرْ

يُهْمِلْ

يَشْرَبْ

يَرْفُضْ

جزم

Ĵazm

Yanhar

Yuhmil

Yashrab

Yarfud

Transliteration

  • Now we will learn when the present verb's case-ending changes from a Đammah to Sukūn. Consider the following examples:

Translation

Transliteration

Example

I have not rejected help

Ana lam arfud il-musāξadata

أَنَا لَمْ أَرْفُضِ الْمُسَاعَدَةَ.

Why do you not drink milk, Khalid

Limādha lam tashrab al-halība ya Khalidu

لِمَاذَا لَمْ تَشْرَبِ الحَلِيبَ يَا خَالِدُ.

Do not neglect your lessons, Ibrahim

Ya Ibrahim la tuhmil durusaka

يَا إِبْرَاهِيمُ لا تُهْمِلْ دُرُوسَكَ.

Do not speak harshly to your parents

Ya ghulamu la tanhar wālidaika

يَا غُلامُ لا تَنْهَرْ وَالِدَيْكَ.

I have not studied Arabic

Lam adrus al-lughata al-arabiya

لَمْ أَدْرُسِ اللُّغَةَ العَرَبِيَّةَ.

  • N.B. In some examples above (the first, the second, and the fifth) the Sukun is replaced by Kasra to avoid the succession of two Sukuns. In Arabic, the general rule is that a Sakin (letter signed with Sukun) can’t follow another Sakin, even if the second Sakin is a Shaddah (fifth example).
  • From these examples we notice that there are two present verb Ĵazm particles: Negative lam "لَم" النَّافِيَةُ [which negates the action of the present verb in the past] and Prohibitive la "لا" النَّاهِيَةُ [which is specifically for the second person pronouns, and this is the difference between it and the Negative la "لا" النَّافِيَةِ which does not change the present verb case-ending]. These Ĵazm particles change the present verb case-ending from Đammah to Sukūn:
    1. The following are examples on Negative lam "لَم" النَّافِيَةِ, which negates the action of the present verb in the past and changes the present verb case-ending from Đammah ضَمَّةٍ (ـُـ) /-u/ to Sukūn سُكُونٍ (ـْـ) [the Sukūn means that no vowel appear on the case-ending of the word, i.e. it ends with a consonant].

Sentence in the negative with the ver preceded by ĵazm particle “lam”

Sentence in the affirmative

 

لَمْ يَدْرُسْ عَلِيٌّ اللُّغَةَ العَرَبِيَّةَ فِي مِصْرَ.

يَدْرُسُ عَلِيٌّ اللُّغَةَ العَرَبِيَّةَ فِي مِصْرَ.

Example

Lam yadrus Ali-un al-lughat-a al-arabiya-ta fi Misr-a

Yadrus-u Ali-un al-lughat-a al-arabiya-ta fi Misr-a

Transliteration

Ali has not studied Arabic in Egypt

Ali studies Arabic in Egypt

Translation

لَمْ يَكْتُبِ الطَّالِبُ وَاجِبَهُ فِي المَدْرَسَةِ.

يَكْتُبُ الطَّالِبُ وَاجِبَهُ.

Example

Lam yaktub al-tālib-u waĵibah-u

Yaktub-u al-tālib-u waĵibah-u

Transliteration

The student has not written his homework

The student wrote his homework

Translation

لَمْ يُشاهِدْ أَحْمَدُ التِّلْفازَ اليَوْمَ.

يُشَاهِدُ أَحْمَدُ التِّلْفازَ كُلَّ يَوْمٍ.

Example

Lam yushāhid Ahmed-u al-telfaz-a al-yawm-a

Yushāhid-u Ahmed al-telfaz-a kulla yawm-in

Transliteration

Ahmed has not watched the television today

Ahmed watches the television every day

Translation

اِسْتَيْقِظْ

تَكَلَّمْ

اِسْمَعْ

اِشْرَبْ

اُكْتُبْ

Imperative

Istayqidh

Takallam

Ismaξ

Ishrab

Uktub

Transliteration

Wake up

Speak

Listen

Drink

Write

Translation

لا تَسْتَيْقِظْ

لا تَتَكَلَّمْ

لا تَسْمَعْ

لا تَشْرَبْ

لا تَكْتُبْ

Prohibitive

La tastayqidh

La tatakallam

La tasmaξ

La tashrab

La taktub

Transliteration

Do not wake up

Do not speak

Do not listen

Do not drink

Do not write

Translation

Translation

Transliteration

Example

Do not eat the street food, Said

La ta'kul taξam-a al-shāriξ-i yā Saξid

لا تَأكُلْ طَعَامَ الشَّارِعِ يَا سَعِيدُ.

Do not sit in another place, Salem

La taĵlis fi makān-in ākhar-a yā Salem

لا تَجْلِسْ فِي مَكَانٍ آخَرَ يَا سَالِمُ.

Do not stay up much lest your health becomes worse

La tashar kathīr-an hatta la tasū'-a sihhatuk-a

لا تَسْهَرْ كَثِيرًا حَتَى لا تَسُوْءَ صِحَّتُكَ.

Do not neglect your duty

La tuhmil ξamalak-a

لا تُهْمِلْ عَمَلَكَ.